Bowel cancer survival rates vary across England

Interpreting cancer survival rates.

Molecular dating when rates vary.

Molecular-dating techniques potentially enable us to estimate the time of origin of any biological lineage. Such techniques were originally premised on the assumption of a 'molecular clock'; that is, the assumption that genetic change accumulated steadily over time. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that constant rates of molecular evolution might be the exception rather than the rule....

Inconsistency of evolutionary tree topology reconstruction methods when substitution rates vary across characters.

A fundamental problem in reconstructing the evolutionary history of a set of species is to infer the topology of the evolutionary tree that relates those species. A statistical method for estimating such a topology from character data is called consistent if, given data from more and more characters, the method is sure to converge to the true topology. A number of popular methods are based on m...

Why Real Interest Rates, Cost of Capital and Price/Earnings Ratios Vary Across Countries

This paper examines how productivity changes a®ect real rates of return and price/earnings ratios in a small open economy. The model provides conditions under which increased productivity in a country's traded goods sector causes prices of non-traded goods to increase relative to the price of traded goods. Under these conditions, real rates of interest decline and the production of certain non-...

Efficient biased estimation of evolutionary distances when substitution rates vary across sites.

This paper deals with phylogenetic inference when the variability of substitution rates across sites (VRAS) is modeled by a gamma distribution. We show that underestimating VRAS, which results in underestimates for the evolutionary distances between sequences, usually improves the topological accuracy of phylogenetic tree inference by distance-based methods, especially when the molecular clock ...